在雅思四門考試中,經(jīng)常會大量利用的同義轉(zhuǎn)換來考察學生詞匯量和綜合理解能力,尤其在閱讀考試中更是屢見不鮮。如果說考生在口語和寫作中還能有一定程度選擇的話,那么閱讀中考生是全然沒有任何選擇的。對于同義轉(zhuǎn)換的準確到位的理解是和考生的綜合理解能力有著千絲萬縷的聯(lián)系的。本文中,將就雅思閱讀中出現(xiàn)的同義轉(zhuǎn)換形式及在解題過程中的作用進行探討。
一、詞的轉(zhuǎn)換
詞的轉(zhuǎn)換一般指的是只涉及單個單詞的轉(zhuǎn)換。單個單詞的轉(zhuǎn)換包括詞性轉(zhuǎn)換及同義詞轉(zhuǎn)換。其中詞性轉(zhuǎn)換是相對簡單的一種,詞匯量可觀的考生自然可以游刃有余,輕松應(yīng)對;即便不認識被轉(zhuǎn)換了的單詞的考生,也可以通過詞根詞綴以及上下文進行猜測。例如:
Example 1. Q24/Test 2/Cambridge V (Matching):
24、One of the brain’s most difficult tasks is to
A.react t their own thoughts
B.helped create language in humans
C.respond instantly to whatever is happening
題干中的核心信息 most difficult 應(yīng)該在讀題的過程中被考生捕捉到,在定位時應(yīng)充分考慮到被代換的可能性;另外備考時訓練充分有素的考生還會考慮到句子結(jié)構(gòu)的整體順序的不同。這樣,當定位到原文的對應(yīng)信息句:
Making a rapid emotional assessment of the events of the moment is an extremely demanding job for the brain, animal or human.
考生應(yīng)該能夠敏銳地發(fā)現(xiàn)extremely demanding 是 most difficult 的代換,由此確定該句所表達的意思是正確答案,在list 中搜尋正確的選項時,句子中的內(nèi)容被再一次代換,其中原文中rapid emotional assessment of the events 被代換為 respond instantly to whatever is happening, 至此,答案為C.
Example 2. Q24/Test 1/Cambridge V (T/F/NG):
Q24、Some people may believe that the teacher- subjects’ behaviour could be explained as a positive survival mechanism,
該題如果定位準確,整體的難度還是不高的??梢钥闯鼍渲衟ositive 和survival是關(guān)鍵詞,由句中出現(xiàn)的survival mechanism可判斷為是從生物角度來談?wù)摰?,又因為原文的F段首句:One’s first inclination might be to argue that there are must be some sort of built-in animal aggression instinct that … 中提到了相關(guān)內(nèi)容,所以定位到該段。迅速掃描,搜尋和兩個關(guān)鍵詞對應(yīng)的信息,除了在該段第六行出現(xiàn)了原詞重現(xiàn)的survival, 還在上一行出現(xiàn)了advantageous, 顯然是positive 的代換。由于原文跟題目中的信息吻合,所以答案是TRUE.
二、詞組的轉(zhuǎn)換
詞組的轉(zhuǎn)換一般情況下是同義詞轉(zhuǎn)換的一個衍生。當一個詞無法用另一個同義詞到位地解釋時,可能會出現(xiàn)用詞組解釋的情況。另外如果本身就是詞組的形式,那么通常來講還是會用詞組的形式進行解釋。如Text 4/Q36/Cambridge V題目中的表述是 birds in temperate climates, 而原文對應(yīng)的描述是temperate-zone birds. 這種情況在T/F/NG當中也有體現(xiàn)。絕大多數(shù)選TRUE的情況,原文和題目一定會經(jīng)過同義轉(zhuǎn)換,如:
Example 1:
原文:Computers are gaining in popularity, despite their cost.
題目:Computers are more popular than they used to be.
原文當中的gaining in popularity題目中用more popular than they used to be作為替換。兩者在意思上屬于完全一致的同義轉(zhuǎn)換,因此答案為TRUE。
答案是FALSE的題目也可以通過同義轉(zhuǎn)換的比對來進行判斷,如:
Example 2:
原文:Biologically, a species becomes extinct when its last individual dies.
題目:In biological terms, a species is said to be extinct when only one individual exists.
原文當中的biologically用題目的in biological terms作為替換。Become則由is said to be作為替換。但是原文當中的die在題目中變成了exist, 直接相反的意思。介于后這一處的轉(zhuǎn)換與原文信息不符,可以判斷出此題答案是FALSE.
三、句子的轉(zhuǎn)換
考試中涉及到的句子轉(zhuǎn)換一般是指句子結(jié)構(gòu)或語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換或者是對原文的概括,即用一兩句話對于原文的多句話進行一個總結(jié)概括。但還有一種形式是題目中出現(xiàn)的某個單詞在原文中以句子或句子的一部分進行了代換。下文中朗閣海外考試研究中心將就兩種情況分別舉例說明。
Example 1:
原文:The Internet has often been criticized by the international society as a newly-emerging dangerous tool in the hands of terrorists.
題目:The international society has often criticized the Internet because it is not safe.
原文的被動語態(tài)在題目當中變成了主動的語態(tài)。但是因為題目缺少了條件狀語in the hands of terrorists, 所以題目的正確答案為NOT GIVEN。
句子轉(zhuǎn)換的另一種形式是對原文的總結(jié)概括。Summary或者T/F/NG題目當中,有時候會出現(xiàn)原文和句子之間是總結(jié)概括關(guān)系。
Example 2:
原文:It has been proved that a rapid response leads to a great likelihood of arrest only if it is 1-2 minutes after a call is received by police. When the response time increases to 3-4 minutes, the likelihood of an arrest is substantially reduced.
題目:A delay of 1-2 minutes in response may have substantial influence on whether or not a suspected criminal is caught.
這道題目源自一篇講反應(yīng)速度的文章。原文中的兩句話講述的內(nèi)容為,如果警察在接到電話后的1-2分鐘反應(yīng),抓住罪犯的可能性就非常大;如果3-4分鐘反應(yīng),拘捕的可能性就會降低。這樣的意思在題目當中被概括為一句話,即延后反應(yīng)一到兩分鐘會降低抓住罪犯的可能性。
Example 3:
Q4/Test 1/Cambridge V (T/F/NG):
4、The fact that children’s ideas about science form part of a larger framework of ideas means that it is easier to change them.
該句的定位由于符合順序原則,許多同學還是能輕松定位到第二段,但是接下來確認信息的過程就讓一些綜合閱讀理解能力相對薄弱的同學不能從容應(yīng)對,因為對于larger的同義代換不能識別從而導致錯誤答案。
事實上,單詞large被原文中不止一個單詞替換,綜合在一起,成就了larger的意思:
These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and … …
雖然沒有確切的某個單詞表達了larger 的意思,但multifaceted, but organised, conceptual三個詞合起來則充分準確地表達了該意思,不能不稱之為巧妙。
Example 4:
Q26/Test 1/Cambridge IV (Short Answer):
26、Which of the senses is best developed in cetaceans?
句中best developed 顯然是關(guān)鍵詞,但是無論按照順序原則還是其他方法都很難準確定位到某個句子,因為完全被代換成了句子。在后一段的首句中:
Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense.
雖然看上去well-developed可以充當題目中best developed的同義代換,但筆者認為并非如此,二者在表達的程度上是有差異的,如何做出準確的判斷還是有賴于對上述整個句子的理解,并且在和其他的感官發(fā)育情況做了對比之后,情況就更加清晰,答案是acoustic sense.
誠然,辨識出統(tǒng)一代換似乎能節(jié)約時間,提高效率,但考生們還是要和綜合實力相結(jié)合,才能相輔相成,又快又準地完成解題過程。