新概念第二冊語法精粹：倒裝句

知識要點(diǎn)：

英語的基本語序是“主語+謂語”。如果將謂語的全部或一部分放在主語之前，這種語序稱為“倒裝”。

一、倒裝的類型

1.完全倒裝：整個謂語移至主語之前。

Out rushed the students to welcome the foreign friends.

2.部分倒裝：只把系動詞，情態(tài)動詞，助動詞或表語放在主語之前。

Seldom does he go to school late.

二、倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)的基本用法

1、由于語法結(jié)構(gòu)的需要而使用的倒裝

1) 疑問句中，用完全或部分倒裝，但以疑問詞或疑問詞修飾的名詞作主語的疑問句要用正常語序

Where did he go last Monday?

Are you listening to the radio?

2) “there be”結(jié)構(gòu)中，There are three wells in our village.

There stands a big paper making factory by the river.

3) 在以here, there, now, then, in, away, up down等副詞開頭的句子中，使用完全倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。但如果主語是代詞則用正常語序。

There goes the bell.

Now comes your turn to play

Down she went.

4) 在以neither nor 或no more開頭的句子中，表示“……也不這樣”， neither和nor意思相同，可以替換使用；no more表示動作的程度并不比前面提到的稍強(qiáng)，意為“也不……”。

I can’t swim, nor (neither) can she .

He hasn’t been to the countryside, neither does he want to go there.

He did not turn up. No more did his wife.

5) 用在as（盡管）引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中,從屬連句as用于特殊語序，含義與though, although相同，但“as”這種結(jié)構(gòu)可表示非常強(qiáng)烈的對照，必須用倒裝（表語提前）。

Proud as the nobles are, he is afraid to see me .

Young as he is, he knows a lot .

2、為了加強(qiáng)語氣而使用的倒裝。（使句子更加流暢，更加生動）

1) 含有否定意義的副詞或連詞放在句首時，常用否定詞有：never, not, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not until, not only…but also, no sooner …than, hardly (scarcely)…when等。一般主句用部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。

Never before have we seen such a sight.

Little did I think that he could be back alive.

Not until New Year’s Day shall I give you a gift.

Not only was everything that he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship.

2) 副詞only放在句首時,only 起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，其句型為“only +狀語+部分倒裝”。如置于句首的only修飾主語，則不用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。

Only then did he realize his mistakes.

Only in this way can you learn maths well.

Only Mother can understand me.

3) 虛擬語氣條件從句中,把從句中if省略將were，had或should放在主語的前面。

Were they here, they would help us.

Had I been informed earlier. I could have done something.

Should you fail, take more pain and try again.

4) 直接引語的全部或一部分放在句首時，主句主語和謂語次序顛倒，用完全倒裝。但如果主句主語為代詞時或謂語部分比主語長，一般不用倒裝。

“He is a clever boy.” said the teacher.

“Go, Dick, go!” cried Tom, “Go home and get help.”

“What do you think of the film?” he asked.

“I’m leaving for Hongkong next month.” Mary told me yesterday.

5) 表示祝愿的句子中,謂語動詞或謂語的一部分放在主語的前面。

May you succeed!

Long live the Communist Party of China.

6) 副詞so在句首，表示前面所說的情況也適合于另一個人或另一事物的肯定句中。

He is interested in pop-songs, and so am I.

They will learn chemistry next term, so will I.

I can drive a car, so can my younger brother.

如果后面的句子只是單純重復(fù)前句的意思，不表示也適用于另一人或事，則不用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。

- Tom won the first prize for the English competition. －So he did.

- It was cold yesterday. - So it was.

7) 在頻度狀語often, always, many a time等開頭的句子中。

Often did we warn them not to do so.

Many a time has she helped me with my English.

8) 在方式狀語thus開頭的句子中及程度狀語so放句首。

Thus ended his life.

So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him.

9) 介詞短語作狀語，放在句首。

In the middle of the room stood a little girl.

In the distance was a horse.

10) 在強(qiáng)調(diào)表語的句子中,表語提前，不僅為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，而且為了使句子結(jié)構(gòu)達(dá)到平衡協(xié)調(diào)，或使上下文緊密銜接。

Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man of great achievements.

Such is life.

Nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island.

【專項訓(xùn)練】

1、______ that we all went out, lying in the sun.

A．The weather so fine was B．So fine was the weather C．So the weather was fine D．So was fine weather

2、Under his arm ______ a pair of shoes which he had bought from the shop a few days before.

A．is B．a(chǎn)re C．was D．were

3、______ who had arrested him three times for carrying drugs.

A．Before George stood the policeman B．Before George the policeman stood C．Before the policeman stood George D．Before George did the policeman

4、Then ______ we had been looking forward to .

A．came the hour B．the hour came C．comes the hour D．the hour is coming

5、Only when he started to explain ______ the reason for this.

A．she realized B．did she realize C．she had realized D．had she realized

6、______ succeed in doing anything.

A．Only by working hard we can B．By only working hard we can C．Only by working hard can we D．Only we can by working hard

7、Not for a moment ______ the truth of your story.

A．he has doubted B．he doubts C．did he doubt D．he did doubt

8、Nowhere else in the world ______ cheaper tailoring than in Hong Kong.

A．a(chǎn) tourist can find B．can a tourist find C．a(chǎn) tourist will find D．a(chǎn) tourist has found

9、Hardly ______ when the bus suddenly pulled away.

A．they had got to the bus-stop B．they got to the bus-stop C．did they get to the bus-stop D．had they got to the bus -stop

10、Mary doesn’t speak French, and ______ does Joan.

A．not B．neither C．either D．so

KEYS

1、B 2、C 3、A 4、A 5、B 6、C 7、C 8、B 9、D 10、B