新托?？谡Z(yǔ)Task6難點(diǎn)解析及答題技巧

新托?？谡Z(yǔ)Task 6向來(lái)是令不善開(kāi)口的中國(guó)學(xué)生一籌莫展的攔路虎。獨(dú)立任務(wù)可以通過(guò)大量練習(xí)真題總結(jié)素材和語(yǔ)料，達(dá)到有話可說(shuō)的目的。綜合任務(wù)中的校園場(chǎng)景，使用的是學(xué)生相對(duì)熟悉的對(duì)話形式，可以通過(guò)一定技巧來(lái)提高回答水平。綜合任務(wù)學(xué)術(shù)課程中的Task 4, 提供了一段閱讀文本，起碼可以給聽(tīng)力欠佳的同學(xué)一個(gè)提示，知道lecture的部分要講述的是什么概念。而Task 6呢？真的是無(wú)法可想，毫無(wú)技巧可言嗎？

朗閣海外考試研究中心的專(zhuān)家通過(guò)對(duì)多年教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的總結(jié)以及歷年考場(chǎng)實(shí)際演練的體會(huì)，發(fā)現(xiàn)Task 6難則難矣，卻并非一座不可攻破的堡壘。下文將就其難點(diǎn)及答題技巧一一做出解析。

難點(diǎn)一：話題陌生

Task 6的話題與Task 4有近似之處，以心理學(xué)、社會(huì)學(xué)、生物學(xué)及經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)內(nèi)容為主，但是也會(huì)出現(xiàn)藝術(shù)學(xué)、歷史學(xué)等話題。

參加托?？荚嚨膶W(xué)生，以高中生和大學(xué)生為主力。對(duì)于這些類(lèi)別的學(xué)科，有些比較熟悉，例如經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中“錢(qián)”的概念(TPO 2 what is money?)，但同樣是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中的內(nèi)容，廣告商所采取的說(shuō)服顧客購(gòu)買(mǎi)的策略(TPO 3 in order to sell more products, advertisers will try to make usbelieve that a product will meet our needs or desires perfectly, even if it isnot true.)這一話題，則顯得相對(duì)陌生。而實(shí)際上，Task 6中常常會(huì)出現(xiàn)廣告營(yíng)銷(xiāo)策略、市場(chǎng)定位等相關(guān)的話題，如果學(xué)生對(duì)此有一定了解，必然會(huì)幫助學(xué)生對(duì)聽(tīng)力內(nèi)容的理解，其他學(xué)科的內(nèi)容也是如此。

因而針對(duì)這一難點(diǎn)，解決的方法很簡(jiǎn)單，拓寬知識(shí)面。這聽(tīng)來(lái)很泛泛的話，實(shí)施起來(lái)可以分為這樣幾個(gè)步驟：

第一，TPO 1-34中所有Task 6均要徹底熟悉和練習(xí)。

第二，關(guān)注每場(chǎng)考試的考題回顧以及近段時(shí)間的考試機(jī)經(jīng)，將其中Task 6所考到的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行梳理。

第三，查閱相關(guān)概念，擴(kuò)充內(nèi)容，組織語(yǔ)言，進(jìn)行60秒鐘的計(jì)時(shí)敘述練習(xí)。

以機(jī)經(jīng)這一條為例：

【090118CN】farmer選擇desirable feature的品種種植作物。舉了例子說(shuō)，wheat,原來(lái)很多成熟的時(shí)候都倒在地上，farmer選擇那些不倒的繼續(xù)種。peach原來(lái)的果實(shí)很小，farmer選擇果實(shí)大的繼續(xù)種。問(wèn)題：舉例說(shuō)明什么是選擇性種植。

【補(bǔ)充查閱】：

Selective breeding (also called artificial selection) is the process bywhich humans breed other animals and plants for particular traits. Typically,strains that are selectively bred are domesticated, and the breeding isnormally done by a professional breeder. Bred animals are known as breeds,while bred plants are known as varieties, cultigens, or cultivars. Theoffspring of two purebreed animals but of different breeds is called acrossbreed, and crossbred plants are called hybrids.

A cultivar is a plant or grouping of plants selected for desirablecharacteristics that can be maintained by propagation.

A cultigen (from the Latin cultus - cultivated, and gens - kind) is a plantthat has been deliberately altered or selected by humans; it is the result ofartificial selection.

Modern wheat varieties have short stems. Short stems are important becausethe application of high levels of chemical fertilizers would otherwise causethe stems to grow too high, resulting in lodging (collapse of the stems). Stemheights are also even, which is important for modern harvesting techniques.

【參考回答】：

In this lecture, the professor tries to use two example explain the notionof selective breeding. This term refers to the process by which humans breedplants for particular traits that are called as desirable features.

One example of this is wheat. In the past, when wheat reached its maturityand was ready to be harvested, some stains would collapse on the ground,resulting in lodging. People deliberately chose those with short stems and notcollapsing as for next breeding to reduce the lodging rate.

The other example is peach. When it comes to choose which bunch of peachescould be used in next breeding process, people select those big ones over smallones and hope to get better yield.

這樣的答案必然跟考場(chǎng)上所聽(tīng)到的內(nèi)容有所出入，但是大致卻是一致的。并且，通過(guò)這個(gè)過(guò)程練習(xí)熟練的口語(yǔ)表達(dá)，才是練好托福口語(yǔ)的首要任務(wù)，至于聽(tīng)力的部分聽(tīng)懂與否，則是聽(tīng)力專(zhuān)項(xiàng)練習(xí)時(shí)應(yīng)該著力之處。

難點(diǎn)二：抓不住重點(diǎn)

Task 6的聽(tīng)力持續(xù)時(shí)間為90-120秒，總長(zhǎng)為250-300詞。也就是說(shuō)，一秒鐘要聽(tīng)到2-3個(gè)詞。有時(shí)，還會(huì)出現(xiàn)口音不適應(yīng)或是使用俚語(yǔ)不熟悉，愈發(fā)使得聽(tīng)懂Task 6像是不可能完成的任務(wù)。然而，與任何考試一樣，了解測(cè)試意圖，攻克此類(lèi)學(xué)術(shù)課程話題也是有跡可循的。

首先，Task 6文章結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)置，永遠(yuǎn)是典型的總分結(jié)構(gòu)。

單元型總分結(jié)構(gòu)：即General topic → sub topic (detailed description)。例如TPO 1的Task 6, 講嬰兒的計(jì)算能力：

Scientists have learned some interesting things about the intellectualabilities of babies. They say there is evidence that babies as young as fivemonth old can do basic arithmetic: that they can add.（首段頭兩句，非常清楚的表述了General topic是嬰兒有計(jì)算能力）……the evidence is indirect because……so they devisedan experiment where……（緊接著引出了sub topic, 做實(shí)驗(yàn)，后面就詳述了這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)是什么，以及這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)如何說(shuō)明嬰兒有計(jì)算能力）

這類(lèi)文章的分述細(xì)節(jié)通常是一個(gè)步驟詳細(xì)的實(shí)驗(yàn)。

雙元總分結(jié)構(gòu)：即General topic → sub topic 1 (definition1+example1) → sub topic 2 (definition2+example2)。例如TPO 3的Task 6, 講說(shuō)服消費(fèi)者購(gòu)買(mǎi)某產(chǎn)品的策略：

In advertising, various strategies are used to persuade people to buyproducts……The strategies they use can be subtle, friendly forms of persuasionthat are sometimes hard to recognize.（general topic, 看似友好地說(shuō)服消費(fèi)者購(gòu)買(mǎi)的廣告方式）

In a lot of ads, repetition is a key strategy.（sub topic 1, 重復(fù)）Research shows that repeated exposure to a message even somethingmeaningless or untrue is enough to make people accept it or see it in apositive light.（對(duì)“重復(fù)”下定義）You’ve all seen the car commercials on TV……this guyis driving around a he keeps stopping to pick up different people……and eachtime, the narrator says plenty of room for friends, plenty of room for family,plenty of room for everybody. The same message is repeated several times in thecourse of the commercial. Now the car……is not a very big car at all. But youget the sense that it is pretty spacious. ……what usually happens is that whenthe statement plenty of room is repeated often enough, people are actuallyconvinced that it is true.（這個(gè)冗長(zhǎng)的例子無(wú)非就是說(shuō)，汽車(chē)廣告反復(fù)宣稱(chēng)空間大，而實(shí)際上空間則并不大，反復(fù)的次數(shù)多了，受眾就覺(jué)得確實(shí)空間很大）

Another strategy they use is to get a celebrity to advertise a product, itturns out that we are more likely to accept an advertising claim made bysomebody famous.（sub topic 2, 明星代言）接著的兩句話都是重復(fù)這么做的好處。You might have a car commercial that features a well know race car driver.Now it may not be a very fast car, it could even be an in expensive vehiclewith a low performance rating. But if a popular race car driver is showndriving it and saying I like my car’s fast. Then people will believe the car isimpressive for its speed.（還是汽車(chē)廣告，請(qǐng)賽車(chē)手給經(jīng)濟(jì)車(chē)型做廣告，大家會(huì)相信這車(chē)真的很快）

雙元立體總分結(jié)構(gòu)：即General topic → sub topic 1 (suptopic1A: definition1A+example1A /suptopic1B: definition1B+example1B) → sub topic 2 (definition2+example2)。例如TPO 2的Task 6, 講錢(qián)的概念：

So let’s talk about money. What is money? Well, typically, people think ofcoins and paper bills as money. But that is using a somewhat narrow definitionof the term. A broad definition is this: money is anything thatpeople can use to make purchases with. Since many things can be used to makepurchases, money can have many different forms.（開(kāi)篇明義，說(shuō)明硬幣和紙鈔是錢(qián)的一種，但并不完全如此?？梢杂糜谫?gòu)買(mǎi)的東西都可以稱(chēng)作錢(qián)，因此錢(qián)的形式有很多種。）

Certainly, coins and bills are one form of money.（sub topic1A, 硬幣和紙鈔是錢(qián)）People exchange goods and services for coins orpaper bills and they use this money these bills to obtain other goods andservices.（definition1A, 對(duì)于硬幣和紙鈔作為錢(qián)的定義）For example, you might give a taxi driver five dollars to purchase a ridein his taxi. And he in turn gives the five dollars to a famer to buy somevegetables.（example 1A, 坐出租車(chē)付錢(qián)，出租車(chē)司機(jī)買(mǎi)蔬菜付錢(qián)）

But as I said, coins and bills are not the only form of money under thisbroad definition. Some societies make use of a barter system.（sub topic1B, 有些社會(huì)采用以物易物的機(jī)制）Basically, in a barter system, people exchangegoods and services directly for other goods and services.（definition1B, 解釋什么是以物易物）The taxi driver, for example, might give a ride toa farmer in exchange for some vegetables. Since the vegetables are used to payfor a service, by a broad definition the vegetables are used in a barter a as aform of money.（example 1B, 農(nóng)民用蔬菜換取出租車(chē)服務(wù)）

Now as I mentioned there is also a second, a narrower definition of money,in the United States, only coins and bills are legal tender, meaning that bylaw, a seller must accept them as payment.（sub topic2, 狹義而言，硬幣和紙鈔是合法的付款方式）The taxi driver must accept coins and bills aspayment for a taxi ride, okay? But in the US, the taxi driver is not requiredto accept vegetables in exchange for a ride.（舉例說(shuō)明在美國(guó)，貨幣才是合法的付款方式，而不是蔬菜）So a narrower definition of money might be whateverlegal tender in a society, whatever has to be accepted as payment.

這也是所有類(lèi)型中信息量大，為復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)。

把一段90-120秒的話，縮短到60秒中去，再怎么不善言辭的人也總能找出東西來(lái)說(shuō)。而在解構(gòu)聽(tīng)力時(shí)，不妨就按照上述總分結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)進(jìn)行。

以TPO 2為例，記筆記時(shí)，便可以記下這樣的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)：

難點(diǎn)三：語(yǔ)言組織

首先是聽(tīng)力內(nèi)容已經(jīng)大致掌握的情況下，語(yǔ)言的組織應(yīng)遵從以下幾個(gè)要求。

第一，語(yǔ)言的使用沒(méi)有明顯的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。在對(duì)Task 6進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)述時(shí)，使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)即可，不需要特地轉(zhuǎn)換成過(guò)去時(shí)，避免敘述過(guò)程中，尤其是對(duì)例子的闡述過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)的時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)亂的情況。

第二，結(jié)構(gòu)的安排應(yīng)當(dāng)有邏輯性。轉(zhuǎn)述時(shí)按照總分的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)進(jìn)行，每個(gè)分論點(diǎn)也是以總分的形式展開(kāi)。

第三，Lecture中的要點(diǎn)全部要涉及，如能按照原話復(fù)述，可盡量加入原詞原句。

按照這樣的要求，我們來(lái)看一看前文中所說(shuō)到的TPO 2該如何進(jìn)行總結(jié)。如前所述，對(duì)于這樣一篇總分總結(jié)構(gòu)的文章，其本質(zhì)其實(shí)還是總分。如果按照原文架構(gòu)來(lái)講，先說(shuō)coins和paper bills是money的一種，但廣義上的理解是什么。然后再分別講，硬幣和紙鈔作為錢(qián)；以物易物機(jī)制下的錢(qián)；后面又回頭講coins和paper bills的法律意義，顯得有點(diǎn)雜亂。因此，可以在語(yǔ)言上適當(dāng)梳理，將本文變?yōu)椋瑥V義而言的貨幣，狹義而言的貨幣。

【TPO 2范例答案】：

In this lecture, the professor talks aboutthe notion of money.

As he first explains, under a broaddefinition, coins and paper bills are not the only form of money because money is anything that people can use to make purchases with. For example,we pay coins and paper bills for a taxi ride. The taxi driver pays vegetablesusing that coins and bills. But in barter system, which refers to a systemwhere people trades goods and services for other goods and services, the sametaxi driver could use the taxi service as a payment for the vegetables he wantsfrom the farmer. And under this circumstance, vegetables are money.

Then the professor goes on to demonstratea narrower definition of money. That is coins and paper bills are theonly acceptable payment by law. For example, the taxi driver in previousscenario could only accept coins and bills as the legal payment, not thevegetables offered by the farmer.

其中，劃?rùn)M線的部分是聽(tīng)力當(dāng)中真實(shí)出現(xiàn)的詞句。

其次，在遇到聽(tīng)力中的信息無(wú)法理解的情況時(shí)，如何巧用語(yǔ)言將時(shí)間填滿(mǎn)。

第一，出現(xiàn)不熟悉概念時(shí)，先用A和B代替，鎮(zhèn)定地聽(tīng)完之后，再與題目對(duì)照，看看是否有相對(duì)應(yīng)的詞。

第二，將聽(tīng)到的要點(diǎn)盡可能詳盡地復(fù)述出來(lái)。

第三，使用一些填充性語(yǔ)言。

以TPO 14為例，同時(shí)回顧一下前面所說(shuō)到的所有技巧。

【聽(tīng)力原文】：

A lot of plant and animals live near thesurface of the ocean, and that means there is a lot of food near the surface,because there are a lot of plants and animals to eat. But if you go down to the deepest parts of the ocean, it’s dark andcold. And there is not a lot living down there. So, food is very scarce. So organisms that live down at these greatdepths have developed special adaptations to help them survive in thisenvironment where food is so hard to find. (General topic)

For example, many deep sea organisms have body features that enable them to eat preythat are larger than themselves. (Sub topic 1) A good example, um…… there is a species of eel that hasan enormous mouth and a large stomach that’s capable of expanding. And theseunusual features allow this eel to eat prey larger than itself. That’s a bigadvantage because eel eats something big. That’s a lot of food, a lot ofnutrition. So the eel can go for quite a while before it has to find foodagain.

Another helpful adaptation in some deep sea organisms isthe ability to generate light. And some organisms use that light to help themcapture food. (Sub topic 2) For example, there is a kind of fish, called the anglerfish. And on its head, this fish has a little structure that produces lightthat glows in the dark. This little structure, this little light is positionedclose to the fish’s mouth. Other fish are attracted to this light, they thinkit’s something small they can eat. So they swim straight toward it and thatbrings them close enough for the angler fish to capture them and eat them.

在第一遍聽(tīng)的時(shí)候，第一個(gè)例子中所說(shuō)的eel（鰻魚(yú)）這種動(dòng)物，以及第二個(gè)例子中所說(shuō)的angler fish（琵琶魚(yú)）可能完全不明白，但這不影響我們按照前述的方法尋找結(jié)構(gòu)抓關(guān)鍵詞。

假設(shè)這些詞就是一個(gè)學(xué)生聽(tīng)懂的全部，如何才能夠講出一個(gè)在60秒內(nèi)但又不離譜的答案呢？

This lecture talks about how animals inthe deep sea adapt to find food.

這是大多數(shù)學(xué)生會(huì)說(shuō)的句子，從語(yǔ)法上講并無(wú)不妥，只是內(nèi)容略顯干癟。因此開(kāi)頭可以這么說(shuō)：In this biologylecture, the professor tries to explain how animals live in the deep ocean adaptto find food, because it’s very hard for them to do so. 并沒(méi)有額外增加什么信息，卻將這個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的句子擴(kuò)充了許多。

接下來(lái)的這個(gè)句子也是起到擴(kuò)充內(nèi)容的作用，There twoadaptation methods. To illustrate his points further, he gives two examples.

One method is some deep sea animals caneat things larger than themselves. For example, there is a kind of animal, 可是這種動(dòng)物叫什么，沒(méi)有背過(guò)eel這個(gè)單詞怎么辦？可以直接這么說(shuō)，I don’t recall thename but says the professor, this animal has a large mouthand a large stomach, so it can eat things larger than itself, something reallybig. So it can go for a while without eating again.

另一個(gè)例子也是如此。Another method isto create light to attract other fishes. For example, there is one fish, Ithink it’s called angler（盡量模仿發(fā)音） fish or some kind, it has a specialstructure on its head to make light. It helps this kind of fish to attractother fishes so it can eat them.

這樣的一段話稱(chēng)不上完美，用詞也非常簡(jiǎn)單，但是卻足以幫助學(xué)生彌補(bǔ)聽(tīng)力導(dǎo)致的信息采集不全。當(dāng)然，朗閣海外考試研究中心的專(zhuān)家衷心希望考生們能夠勤練聽(tīng)寫(xiě)，多背單詞，提高聽(tīng)力的水平。但是在考題實(shí)在出其不意，話題十分陌生的情況下，采用這樣的方法也未嘗不可。