高三英語名師手記：虛擬語氣篇

一、考綱要求

根據(jù)考綱的要求，虛擬語氣部分主要考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的選擇、虛擬語氣在條件句中、在名詞性從句中、在簡(jiǎn)單句中或在日常交際中的使用等基本用法。

二、命題導(dǎo)向

依據(jù)語境來判斷虛擬語氣的不同形式是高考試題的主要設(shè)題方法之一。在近年的高考試題中，出現(xiàn)了對(duì)陳述語氣與虛擬語氣辨析的考查。虛擬語氣在各種從句中的應(yīng)用是該部分的重點(diǎn)掌握內(nèi)容。

三、復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn)

虛擬語氣是一種特殊的動(dòng)詞形式，說話人陳述的并不是事實(shí)，而是表達(dá)一種愿望、假設(shè)和猜測(cè)等。只有在非真實(shí)的條件句中才使用虛擬語氣，如果假設(shè)的條件有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)，用真實(shí)條件句。如果假設(shè)的條件無法實(shí)現(xiàn)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性很小，則用虛擬語氣。使用虛擬語氣的情況主要有下列幾種：

1. 虛擬語氣在非真實(shí)條件句中的運(yùn)用

(1) if條件狀語從句中的虛擬語氣

非真實(shí)條件句表示不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性很小假設(shè)。條件句與主句皆須用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的時(shí)態(tài)形式有三種：

①表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用“動(dòng)詞過去式(be一般用were)”，主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用“should (would, could, might)+動(dòng)詞原形”。例如：

If you were the UN Secretary General, could you stop the wars on the earth?

If he had a chance, he would/should/ might/could choose to study abroad。

②表示與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用“had+過去分詞”，主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用“should (would, could, might)+have+過去分詞”。

【記憶小竅門】可提到句首的詞有三個(gè)：had, should和were。諧音記憶：一馬當(dāng)先“還屬我”。

⑶含蓄虛擬條件句

有時(shí)，可不用條件句表示一個(gè)非真實(shí)的條件，而用一些介詞短語或通過上下文中暗含某種非真實(shí)的條件，這種句子叫做“含蓄條件句”。例如：

①通過with, without, but for和動(dòng)詞不定式短語等表示虛擬的條件

She’d look better with shorter hair. =if she had her hair cut shorter

Without your help, we could not have completed the task ahead of time. =If it had not been for your help…

But for the heavy snow, I could have gone on holiday. =If there had not been the heavy snow…

She would be shocked to hear the news. =If she heard the news…

It would be easier to do it in this way. =If you did it in this way…

②句中含有or, or else, otherwise, but等詞語，暗示句子的某一部分(前句或后句)需用虛擬語氣。

He was on business in Beijing at that time; otherwise he might have helped us。

Luckily Mary telephoned to inform me of the meeting, or would have been I absent。

I should have attended my friend’s wedding ceremony, but I couldn’t afford the time。

2.虛擬語氣在名詞性從句中的運(yùn)用

⑴在主語從句中， 在下面的幾種情況下，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用“should +動(dòng)詞原形”

①It is+形容詞+that…句型。常見的形容詞有important, necessary, natural, funny, strange, surprising, astonishing(令人驚訝的)等。

② It is +名詞+that…句型。常見的名詞有pity, shame, advice, suggestion, proposal(提議，建議)， requirement, request, desire, order等。

③ It is+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+ that…句型。常見的動(dòng)詞有advise, order, propose, request, suggest, demand, require等。

在以上三種句型中，主語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞要用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”， should可省略。例如：

It is important that we (should) have a good knowledge of computer in modern times。

It is necessary that these useful expressions (should) be learnt by heart。

It is a shame that children (should) be forced to beg in the streets in the capital city。

It's suggested that the school (should) organize an outing when spring comes。

It is required that middle-schools students (should) take at least one-hour exercise every day。

⑵在下列動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”，should可省略。這類動(dòng)詞有：insist(堅(jiān)持)， urge (催促)， order(命令)， command(命令)， request(請(qǐng)求，要求)， demand(要求)，require(要求，需要)suggest(建議)，advise(建議)，propose(建議) , recommend(建議， 推薦) 等。

The captain insisted that the wounded soldier (should) be sent to hospital at once。

The policeman demanded the thief (should) tell his name and address。

Doctors strongly recommend that fathers (should) be present at their baby's birth。

If Li Ming had spent more time on her studies, she might/would/could/should have been admitted to Tsinghua University last year。

【記憶小竅門】一個(gè)“堅(jiān)持”和”催促”、二個(gè)“命令”， 三個(gè)“要求”， 四個(gè)“建議”。

⑶在含有advice, order, demand, proposal(提議) requirement, suggestion等名詞的表語從句、同位語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”，should可省略。

The governor gave order that the flood (should) be controlled before dark。

My suggestion is that the project (should) be completed by the end of the year。

在一些名詞性從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”或“should +have done”，表示驚訝、意志等感情色彩，譯為“竟然，居然”。

I am surprised /shocked that you should speak in such a way。

I find it astonishing that he should be so rude to his mum。

It is strange /surprising that she should not have been invited。

I am glad that your story should have won the first prize。

⑷在wish后的賓語從句中

①表示將來的愿望實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性非常小，wish后的賓語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用should/would/could/ might+動(dòng)詞原形。

We wish the friendship between the two countries would last forever。

②表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的愿望，賓語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)(be動(dòng)詞用were)。

②He always wishes he were a millionaire and owned a big house and a sports car.

③表示與過去事實(shí)相反的愿望，賓語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)。

③How he wished he hadn’t wasted too much time on playing computer games while at school.

⑸在would rather/would prefer后的賓語從句中

在would rather/would prefer后的賓語從句中，常用過去時(shí)表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)硎聦?shí)相反的愿望，用過去完成時(shí)表示與過去事實(shí)相反的愿望。

⑹在would rather/would prefer從句中

①Frankly speaking, I would rather you came tomorrow. The manager isn’t available today。

②I would rather you had gone to the party with me last night. It was really wonderful。

③—Could I smoke here?

—I'd prefer it if you didn’t smoke in front of the children。

3. 在as if/though 后的方式狀語從句中，表示某種情況與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反， 謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式;表示即將發(fā)生的情況“用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形”;表示某種的情況有過去的事實(shí)相反， 謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)。

The coach always treats the players as if they were his own children.

She was suffering from a bad cold. Her head felt as if it would burst。

Gary was behaving as though nothing had happened。

4.在in case, in order that目的狀語從句中

在in case 引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”;在so that, in order that 等引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞除了用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”外，還可用“might/could/would+動(dòng)詞原形”。

In case you should need any help, here’s my number。

In order that training should be effective it must be planned systematically。

I took a taxi so that I would/could/might be in time for the appointment。

③表示一種假設(shè)在將來實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性很小或者根本無法實(shí)現(xiàn)，從句謂語動(dòng)詞可用三種形式：①動(dòng)詞過去式②were to +動(dòng)詞原形 ③should+動(dòng)詞原形，主句謂語動(dòng)詞用：should (would, could, might)+動(dòng)詞原形。

⑵ 省略連詞if 的虛擬條件句中

如果把連接條件從句的連詞if省略，必須將從句的謂語部分的助動(dòng)詞had, 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should或系動(dòng)詞were等移至主語之前，構(gòu)成倒裝語序。例如：

Had he known my address(=If he had known my address)， he would have visited me earlier。

Should I meet Jay Zhou some day(=If I should meet Jay Zhou some day)， I might tell him that I like him.

Were I you(=If you were I)， I would get on well with my teachers and classmates。

5. 在It is (high) time(that)…定語從句中，謂語用過去時(shí)或用should+動(dòng)詞原形。should不可省略。

It’s high time that we devoted/should devote our time to preparing for the coming exam。

6. 在if only感嘆句中

if only表示“但愿……”，“要是……就好了”，句中的謂語動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語氣。其構(gòu)成的方法與wish后的賓語從句基本相同。

If only Xiao Hua’s mother were still alive!

If only I had known the answer when my teacher questioned me。

If only I could fly to the moon in Shenzhou Ⅷ spaceship。

7. 在簡(jiǎn)單句中

⑴情態(tài)動(dòng)詞Would/could/might，表示說話人的禮貌或委婉的語氣，常用于日常會(huì)話中。

Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office? 您能否指點(diǎn)我去郵局的路?

Could you let me have your passport? 看看你的護(hù)照好嗎?

Might I speak to you for a moment? 我能和你談一下嗎?(使用might比may更客氣)

⑵表示祝愿

“may+動(dòng)詞原形”表示祝愿，通常把may置于句首，構(gòu)成倒裝語序。

May you succeed in the future!

May the friendship between us last long!

四. 注意事項(xiàng)

1. 錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間虛擬條件句中

如果if條件句表示的動(dòng)作與主句表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致，從句和主句的謂語動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)各自的時(shí)間來調(diào)整， 這種情況被稱作“錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間虛擬語氣”或“混合虛擬語氣”。

If America had not made wars on Iraq, the Iraqi people would be living a peaceful life now。

If I were you, I would have visited the museum yesterday.

If we didn’t have an exam tomorrow, my friends and I could be playing football now。

2. 有時(shí)，只在條件句或主句中使用虛擬語氣，而另一分句用陳述語氣。

If you should change your mind, do let me know。

Should anyone call (= If anyone calls)， please tell them that I’m busy。

Can you read that form carefully, if you wouldn’t mind, and then sign it?

I would appreciate it if you call back this afternoon for the doctor's appointment.

—What would you do if it rains tomorrow?

—We have to carry it on, since we’ve got everything ready。

3. 在一些日常會(huì)話中，一些簡(jiǎn)單句通常暗含虛擬的意味。句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用would/could/ should be等形式或should/would/could/might have been等形式。

It couldn’t be better. 那太好了。

That would be very nice. 太好了。

I couldn’t agree with you more. 我非常同意你的意見。

I wouldn’t have dreamed of it. 我做夢(mèng)也沒有想到啊!

How careless I was! I could have done better in the exam. 我太粗心了，我本來可以考得很好的。

Tom hasn’t arrived yet. I should have written down the address for him. 我本應(yīng)該把地址寫下來的。

—How was you interview?

—It couldn’t have been better. Luckily, I found all the answers to questions。

—Shall I give you a ride as you live so far away?

4. 若insist表示“堅(jiān)持說”，suggest表示“暗示，表明”，其后的賓語從句用陳述語氣。

The smile on the boy’s face suggested that he was happy to die for his country。

The man insisted that he had not stolen anything and (should) be set free immediately。

5. 如果as if/though從句描述的是真實(shí)的情況，謂語動(dòng)詞則用陳述語氣，而不用虛擬語氣。

It looks as if it is going to rain。

It sounds as though she has been really ill。

6. 在“had better/would rather, would like/love to, was/were to+ have done sth ”表示過去希望做某事，但事實(shí)上未做。例如：

— Do you mind if I open the window?

—I’d rather you didn’t. I feel a bit cold。

7. had thought/hoped/meant/intended/expected/wanted/planned that + 從句 表示主語過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。

We were to have arrived at 9:00 this morning, but I missed the first bus.

I had hoped that I would be of some help to you, but you didn’t ask me。

—Lucy is crying in the corner now. Did you scold her for her carelessness in her homework?

—Yes, but I’d rather not have done it. 我要是不批評(píng)她就好了。

五. 精典名題導(dǎo)解

1. (2008山東)Thank you for all your hard work last week. I don’t think we ______ it without you。

A. can manage B. could have managed C. could manage D. can have managed

考點(diǎn)解析：句中的介詞短語without you表示一個(gè)假設(shè)的條件，而時(shí)間狀語last week表明句子陳述的內(nèi)容與過去的事實(shí)相反，因此佳答案為B。

2. (2008江西)What a pity! Considering his ability and experience, he ____ better。

A. need have done B. must have done

C. can have done D. might have done

考點(diǎn)解析：“What a pity!”暗示他的表現(xiàn)令人遺憾。鑒于他的能力和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，他本來可能發(fā)揮得更好，因此用might have done，佳答案為D。

3. (2009年鄭州市第二次質(zhì)量檢測(cè)) —I wish I ________ the meeting。

—But you didn’t。

考點(diǎn)解析：答語But you didn’t暗示對(duì)方?jīng)]有參加會(huì)議。因此說話人說“我真希望我參加了那個(gè)會(huì)議?！痹趙ish后帶的賓語從句中 ，如果表示與過去事實(shí)相反的愿望應(yīng)用過去完成時(shí)，因此佳答案為D。

依據(jù)語境來判斷虛擬語氣的不同形式是高考試題的主要設(shè)題方法之一。在近年的高考試題中，出現(xiàn)了對(duì)陳述語氣與虛擬語氣辨析的考查。虛擬語氣在各種從句中的應(yīng)用是該部分的重點(diǎn)掌握內(nèi)容。

4. (河南省普通高中2009年畢業(yè)班教學(xué)質(zhì)量調(diào)研考試) —Why didn’t you come to Mike's birthday party yesterday?

—Well, I________, but I forgot it。

A.should have B.must C.should D.must have

考點(diǎn)解析：答語意為“我本來應(yīng)該去的，但是我忘記了”。should have done 表示“本來應(yīng)該做某事，而未做”。作為簡(jiǎn)略，done 被省略，只保留should have，佳答案為A。

5. (2009年河北保定市高三調(diào)研試題)I ____ to go for a walk, but someone called and I couldn’t get way。

A. was planning B. had planned C. planned D. would plan

考點(diǎn)解析：句意為：我原計(jì)劃去散步，但是有人來訪，我無法走開。had planned to do sth表示過去未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的打算。佳答案為B。

6. (2009年河北保定市高三調(diào)研試題)I would like _______ you to my birthday party, but I was busy and forgot to call you。

A. to invite B. inviting C. to have invited D. having invited

考點(diǎn)解析：句意為：我本來想讓你參加我的生日宴會(huì)，可是因?yàn)槊Γ彝浟恕?。would like to have done sth。表示“本來想做某事(而未做)”。佳答案為C。

7. (江西省重點(diǎn)中學(xué)2009屆高三第一次聯(lián)考)—Did you visit the famous cultural relics last month?

—No, we _____ visited it, but we spent too much time shopping。

A. could have B. must have C. can have D. ought to have

考點(diǎn)解析：句意為： “我們本來有時(shí)間參觀(文化古跡)的，可是我們?cè)谫?gòu)物上花費(fèi)了太多的時(shí)間”。 could have done表示“過去本來可以做某事(而未做) ”。佳答案為A。